Contribution of Cardiovascular Risk Factors to the Development of Coronary Heart Disease in Kazakhstan

Yerdan Maidyrov; Emil Zhalmukhamedov; Salma Perez Hernández; Luis Díaz Valencia

doi:10.56741/hesmed.v3i03.701

Authors

Yerdan Maidyrov Asfendiyarov KNMU
Emil Zhalmukhamedov
scientissimum@hotmail.com
Scientissimum
Salma Perez Hernández Cornell University
Luis Díaz Valencia Central University of Venezuela

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56741/hesmed.v3i03.701

Keywords:

Coronary angiography, Coronary heart disease, Ethnic group, Risk factors

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has well-known risk factors. The prevalence and impact of these mainly depend on people's lifestyles, geography, as well as racial and ethnic predispositions, among other factors. The objective of this study is to compare the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among different European and Asian ethnic groups of patients in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The data from 1628 patients diagnosed with coronary angiography for coronary heart disease (CHD) were investigated. SPSS software was used for statistical processing, employing the Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square test. The number of patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome was 743, and the number of planned patients with stable angina was 885. Approximately 60% of the patients were conditionally categorized as Asians and 40% as Europeans. The gender composition of both groups was dominated by men. There is a general trend towards planned hospitalization in the Asian group (62% vs. 56%, p=0.009). For the specificity of Asian groups, the most significant risk factors were male gender, diabetes mellitus, and overweight. In the European group, the contribution of factors such as arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia (high LDL levels) were found to be more significant. The impact of smoking habits and family history were similar in both groups. In the European group, there was a greater tendency to hemodynamically significant coronary artery atherosclerosis compared to the Asian group (68 vs. 59%, p<0.001), which is hypothesized to be due to overdiagnosis, or the predominance of non-obstructive coronary heart disease in Asian population. Cardiovascular risk factors such as arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia were more prominent in the development of CHD among Europeans, while in Asians diabetes mellitus and being overweight contributed more significantly. Accordingly, it is the above modifiable risk factors that should be given more attention in the prevention and treatment of populations at risk of CHD in Kazakhstan.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Yerdan Maidyrov, Asfendiyarov KNMU

is a highly experienced interventional cardiologist who currently practices at the Central Clinic Hospital in Almaty, Kazakhstan. With a deep focus on diagnosing and treating cardiovascular conditions, Dr. Maidyrov has contributed to advancing heart care in the region. His work involves performing procedures such as angioplasties, stenting, and other minimally invasive techniques to manage heart disease. His expertise ensures that patients receive cutting-edge treatments for complex cardiac issues. (email: data86@mail.com).

Emil Zhalmukhamedov, Scientissimum

is an active and global health research scientist and healthcare marketing expert associated with Scientissimum, a platform known for its focus on healthcare marketing, global health research, and health innovation. His work integrates scientific investigation with strategic marketing, helping bridge the gap between healthcare advancements and the broader medical community. He has been key in promoting healthcare solutions globally, driving research initiatives that contribute to public health improvements. (email: scientissimum@hotmail.com).

Salma Perez Hernández, Cornell University

is a distinguished undergraduate student at Cornell University, pursuing her studies on a full scholarship. Salma is recognized for her academic excellence and commitment to making a positive impact through her education. At Cornell, she is exploring interdisciplinary fields that align with her interests in global health issues, leadership, and social change. Her scholarship represents not only her hard work but also her dedication to using education as a means to contribute meaningfully to society. (email: salmagperez24@gmail.com).

Luis Díaz Valencia, Central University of Venezuela

is a final-year medical student at Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela. Luis is actively involved in campus life and is exploring various areas of study that will enable him to address global challenges and create a lasting impact through his future career. Currently, Luis is interested in pursuing cardiology as a specialty of his choice. His passion for treating underserved populations allows him to become a well-versed international doctor. (email: salmagperez24@gmail.com).

References

Cardiovascular diseases. World Health Organization. Fact Sheets; 2017; Available at: https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)

Balanova U.A., Koncevaya A.V., Shal’nova S.A., Deyev A.D., Artamonova G.V. et al.; Risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. Prof. medicine. 2014;17(4):42-52. (In Russ.)

Benderly, Michal; Chetrit, Angela; Murad, Havi; с соавторами Cardiovascular health among two ethnic groups living in the same region: A population-based study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. 2017;228:23-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.079

Silbiger, J. J. Stein, R. Trost, B. Shaffer, J. Kim, J. H. Cohen, P. Kamran, M. Coronary Angiographic Findings And Conventional Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Of Indo-Guyanese Immigrants With Stable Angina Pectoris And Acute Coronary Syndromes. Ethnicity & Disease. 2012;22(1):12-14.

Ahmed, Emad; El-Menyar, Ayman South Asian Ethnicity and Cardiovascular Risk: The Known, the Unknown, and the Paradox. ANGIOLOGY. 2015;66(5):405-415. PMID: 25005766, DOI: 10.1177/0003319714541323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319714541323

Silbiger, J. J. Ashtiani, R. Attari, M. Spruill, T. M. Kamran, M. Reynolds, D. Stein, R. Rubinstein, D. Atheroscerlotic heart disease in Bangladeshi immigrants: risk factors and angiographic findings. International Journal of Cardiology. 2011;146(2):E38-E40. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.175 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.12.175

Kontsevaya A.V., Myrzamatova A.O., Polupanov A.G., Alikhanova K.A., Kashirin A.K., Khalmatov A.N., Altymysheva A.T., Iskakov E.B., Balanova Yu.A., Dzhumagulova A.S. Etnicheskie osobennosti rasprostranennosti osnovnykh serdechno-sosudistykh faktorov riska sredi zhiteley sel'skoy mestnosti v rossiyskom regione i regionakh Kyrgyzstana i Kazakhstana [Ethnic specifics of the main cardiovascular risk factors prevalence among rural inhabitants of a russian region and regions of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan].Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal [Russian Journal of Cardiology].2017;5:113–121. (In Russ.) DOI: https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2017-6-113-121

Nebesnykh A.L. Osobennosti proyavleniy metabolicheskogo sindroma v raznykh etnicheskikh gruppakh [Features of the metabolic syndrome in different ethnic groups]. Sibirskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal (Irkutsk). 2013;7:19–23. (In Russ.)

Li, S. S. Fonarow, G. C. Mukamal, K. J. Liang, L. Schulte, P. J. Smith, E. E. DeVore, A. Hernandez, A. F. Peterson, E. D. Bhatt, D. L., Sex and Race/Ethnicity-Related Disparities in Care and Outcomes After Hospitalization for Coronary Artery Disease Among Older Adults. Circulation-Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2016;9(2):S36-S44. DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002621 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002621

Albarak, Jasem; Nijjar, Aman P. K.; Aymong, Eve; et al. Outcomes in Young South Asian Canadians After Acute Myocardial Infarction. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY. 2012;28(2):178-183. PMID: 22244516, DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2011.10.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2011.10.014

Teo KK, Dokainish H. The Emerging Epidemic of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerotic Disease in Developing Countries. Can J Cardiol.2017;33(3):358-365. DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.014. Epub 2016 Dec 24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.014

YeS Maidyrov, SF Berkinbayev, KK Karibayev Clinical and angiographic features at coronary artery disease. Meditsina (Almaty) = Medicine (Almaty). 2019; 2(200): 36-41 (in Russ) DOI:10.31082/1728-452X-2019-200-2-36-41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31082/1728-452X-2019-200-2-36-41

Hassan, A. Jaffe, R. Rubinshtein, R. Karkabi, B. Halon, D. A. Flugelman, M. Y. Zafrir, B. Characterization of Coronary Artery Disease in Young Adults and Assessment of Long-term Outcomes. Israel Medical Association Journal. 2018;20(10):613-618.

Plakht, Y. Gilutz, H. Shiyovich, A. Ethnical disparities in temporal trends of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) throughout a decade in Israel. Soroka acute myocardial infarction (SAMI-II) project. International Journal of Cardiology.2016;214:470-477. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.009

Ladapo, J. A. Coles, A. Dolor, R. J. Mark, D. B. Cooper, L. Lee, K. L. Goldberg, J. Shapiro, M. D. Hoffmann, U. Douglas, P. S., Quantifying sociodemographic and income disparities in medical therapy and lifestyle among symptomatic patients with suspected coronary artery disease: a cross-sectional study in North America. Bmj Open.2017;7(9). DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016364

Silbiger, J. J. Stein, R. Roy, M. Nair, M. K. Cohen, P. Shaffer, J. Pinkhasov, A. Kamran, M. Coronary Artery Disease In South Asian Immigrants Living In New York City: Angiographic Findings And Risk Factor Burdens. Ethnicity & Disease. 2013;23(3):292-295.

Gijsberts, C. M. Seneviratna, A. Bank, I. E. M. den Ruijter, H. M. Asselbergs, F. W. Agostoni, P. Remijn, J. A. Pasterkamp, G. Kiat, H. C. Roest, M. Richards, A. M. Chan, M. Y. de Kleijn, D. P. V. Hoefer, I. E.; The ethnicity-specific association of biomarkers with the angiographic severity of coronary artery disease. Netherlands Heart Journal.2016;24(3):188-198. DOI: 10.1007/s12471-015-0798-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-015-0798-y

Devarshi R. Ardeshna, Tamunoinemi Bob-Manuel, Amit Nanda, Arindam Sharma, William Paul Skelton, IV, Michelle Skelton, and Rami N. Khouzam; Asian-Indians: a review of coronary artery disease in this understudied cohort in the United States. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(1):12. PMID: 29404358, DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.10.18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.10.18

Izadnegahdar M, Mackay M, Lee MK Sedlak TL, , Gao M, Bairey Merz CN, Humphries KH. Sex and Ethnic Differences in Outcomes of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Stable Angina Patients With Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation-Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes. 2016;9 (2 Suppl1):S26-35. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.002483

Andria, N. Nassar, A. Kusniec, F. Ghanim, D. Qarawani, D. Kachel, E. Taha, K. Amir,O. Carasso, S. Ethnicity of Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease Referred for Coronary Angiography in the Galilee: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and a Case for Screening and Modification. Israel Medical Association Journal.2018;20(3):182-185.

Joseph P, Yusuf S, Lee SF, Ibrahim Q, Teo K, Rangarajan S, Gupta R, Rosengren A, Lear SA, Avezum A, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Gulec S, Yusufali A, Chifamba J, Lamas F, Kumar R, Mohammadifard N, Mohan V, Mony P, Kruger A, Liu X, Guo B, Zhao W, Yang Y, Pillai R, Diaz R, Krishnapillai A, Iqbal R, Yusuf R, Szuba A, Anand SS; PURE INVESTIGATORS., Prognostic validation of a non-laboratory and a laboratory based cardiovascular disease risk score in multiple regions of the world. Heart. 2018;104(7):581-587. PMID: 29066611, DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311609

Gotsman, I. Avishai-Eliner, S. Jabara, R. Zemora, Z. Shauer, A. Lotan, C. Keren, A., Ethnic disparity in the clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure.2015;17(8):801-808. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.285

Quan, H. D. Khan, N. Li, B. Humphries, K. H. Faris, P. Galbraith, P. D. Graham, M. Knudtson, M. L. Ghali, W. A. Invasive cardiac procedure use and mortality among South Asian and Chinese Canadians with coronary artery disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2010;26:E236-E242. PMID: 20847970, DOI 10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70414-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70414-1

Azab, M., Al-Shudifat, A. E., Johannessen, A., Al-Shdaifat, A., Agraib, L. M., Tayyem, R. F. Are Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease Different in Persons With and Without Obesity?. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders Journal. 2018;16(8):440-445. DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0152 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2017.0152

Yim, A., Humphries, D., & Abuova, G. (2003). Food, alcohol and cigarette availability and consumption in Almaty, Kazakstan: results and appraisal of a rapid assessment. Public Health Nutrition, 6(8), 791–800. doi:10.1079/PHN2003503 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003503

Goryakin, Y., Rocco, L., Suhrcke, M., Roberts, B., & McKee, M. (2015). Fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union: the role of individual-and community-level factors. Public health nutrition, 18(15), 2825-2835. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980015000105

Pu J, Romanelli R, Zhao B, Azar KM, Hastings KG, Nimbal V, Fortmann SP, Palaniappan LP. Dyslipidemia in special ethnic populations. Cardiol Clin. 2015 May;33(2):325-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2015.01.005. PMID: 25939303; PMCID: PMC4421090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2015.01.005

Weiss, R. Nassar, H. Sinnreich, R. Kark, J. D., Differences in the Triglyceride to HDL-Cholesterol Ratio between Palestinian and Israeli Adults. Plos One.2015;10(1). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116617 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116617

Liu L., Núṅez A.E., An Y. et al. Burden of cardiovascular disease among multiracial and ethnic populations in the United States: an update from the National Health Interview Surveys. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2014;1; Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2014.00008, PMID: 26664859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2014.00008