Identification and Screening of Pathogenic Microbes in Oral Smokers

Rizka Efi Mawli; Devi Anggraini Putri; Dwi Aprilia Anggraini; Nadya Dewi Arimbi; Sofiah; Eny Susanti

doi:10.56741/hesmed.v4i03.1666

Authors

Rizka Efi Mawli
efimawlir@gmail.com
Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2250-3624
Devi Anggraini Putri Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2821-6319
Dwi Aprilia Anggraini Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5535-5493
Nadya Dewi Arimbi Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa
Sofiah Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa
Eny Susanti Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7917-0739

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56741/hesmed.v4i03.1666

Keywords:

Microscopic Observation, Pathogenic Microbes, Safranin Staining, Saliva, Smokers

Abstract

Smoking has been shown to adversely affect the oral cavity by altering its physiological conditions, thereby promoting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and increasing the risk of oral diseases. It also reduces salivary pH, rendering it more acidic, and facilitates plaque accumulation. This study aimed to identify the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (Staphylococcus spp., Candida spp., and Entamoeba gingivalis) in the saliva and oral cavity of individuals who smoke. An analytical survey with a cross-sectional design was conducted using 40 samples. Microbial identification was carried out through culture techniques on specific media for bacteria and fungi, while E. gingivalis was detected via direct microscopic observation using safranin staining. 40 samples were analyzed and showed 31 tested positive for at least one of the target microorganisms: Staphylococcus spp., Candida spp., or E. gingivalis, from both saliva and oral swab specimens. Staphylococcus sp. and Candida sp, detected in 13 samples. E. gingivalis was identified in 7 samples. Saliva samples yielded more comprehensive results than oral swabs, suggesting that saliva more accurately reflects the overall microbial condition of the oral cavity.

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Author Biographies

Rizka Efi Mawli, Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa

is affiliated with Noor Huda Mustofa University, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 40, Mlajah Bangkalan. She actively engages in the tridharma of higher education with a strong focus on microbiology research. Her academic interests include microbial studies, laboratory-based analysis, and the application of microbiological principles in health-related fields. She is also involved in mentoring students and contributing to research development within her institution. (email: efimawlir@gmail.com).

Devi Anggraini Putri, Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa

is affiliated with Noor Huda Mustofa University, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 40, Mlajah Bangkalan. She actively participates in the tridharma of higher education with a research focus in natural chemistry. Her scholarly interests include bioactive compounds, phytochemical analysis, and natural product exploration. She contributes to laboratory research activities and supports academic development in chemical sciences. (email: devianggrainiputri@gmail.com).

Dwi Aprilia Anggraini, Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa

is affiliated with Noor Huda Mustofa University, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 40, Mlajah Bangkalan. She is actively engaged in the tridharma of higher education with a research focus in parasitology. Her academic interests include parasite identification, disease transmission, and tropical infectious diseases. She contributes to research activities, laboratory studies, and student academic support in the field of biomedical and parasitological sciences. (email: dwiapriliaanggraini2021@gmail.com).

Nadya Dewi Arimbi, Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa

is affiliated with Noor Huda Mustofa University, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 40, Mlajah Bangkalan. She is an alumna of the institution and currently works as a health analyst at a hospital in Bangkalan. Her professional role involves analyzing health data, supporting clinical decision-making, and contributing to patient care quality improvement. She applies her academic background to practical healthcare services and hospital-based analytical work. (email: ariembinadya@gmail.com).

Sofiah, Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa

is affiliated with Noor Huda Mustofa University, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 40, Mlajah Bangkalan. She is an alumna and currently serves as a health analyst at a hospital in Bangkalan. Her work focuses on health data analysis, supporting healthcare management, and assisting clinical services through accurate reporting and evaluation. She utilizes her academic training to contribute effectively to hospital-based healthcare systems. (email: sofsofiah_1@gmail.com).

Eny Susanti, Universitas Noor Huda Mustofa

is affiliated with Noor Huda Mustofa University, Jl. RE Martadinata No. 40, Mlajah Bangkalan. She actively engages in the tridharma of higher education with a research focus on maternal health, particularly pregnant women’s health. She also serves as Vice Rector III, contributing to institutional leadership, academic development, and research advancement. Her work integrates teaching, research, and community service in the field of public and maternal health. (email: enysusanti@gmail.com).

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