Association of Sociodemographic Factors with Health Protocol Compliance and Metabolic Profile Among Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy

Yuliana Rahmah Retnaningrum; Yuniati; Nur Khoma Fatmawati; Endang Sawitri; Amalia Aswin; Rudi Saputra

doi:10.56741/IISTR.jphs.002310

Authors

Yuliana Rahmah Retnaningrum
yulianakaltim@gmail.com
Mulawarman University https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8685-5541
Yuniati Mulawarman University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-1947
Nur Khoma Fatmawati Mulawarman University https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7675-0707
Endang Sawitri Mulawarman University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7770-4706
Amalia Aswin Mulawarman University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-6287
Rudi Saputra Mulawarman University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0861-4889

Keywords:

Diabetic Retinopathy, Health Protocol Compliance, Metabolic Profile, Sociodemographic Factors

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy is a major microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and is closely related to metabolic disturbances and sociodemographic factors. This study aimed to analyze the association between sociodemographic characteristics, health protocol compliance, and metabolic profile parameters among patients with diabetic retinopathy. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 45 diabetic retinopathy patients at two hospitals in Samarinda, Indonesia, during November 2020. Sociodemographic data, serological status, mask types, health protocol compliance scores, and metabolic profile parameters were collected. Female participants slightly predominated (53.3%), and most participants were aged <60 years (71.1%). Educational level was significantly associated with health protocol compliance score (p = 0.008), with higher educational attainment related to better health protocol compliance. Age was significantly associated with HbA1c (p = 0.006), FBG (p = 0.008), and 2hPPBG (p = 0.045). Occupation was significantly associated with TC/HDL (p = 0.008) and LDL/HDL ratios (p = 0.019), while gender was associated with the TC/HDL ratio (p = 0.048). No significant associations were identified between serological status or mask types and metabolic profile parameters. These findings suggest that sociodemographic characteristics, particularly educational level, age, and occupation, may be associated with differences in health behavior and metabolic profiles among patients with diabetic retinopathy.

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Author Biographies

Yuliana Rahmah Retnaningrum, Mulawarman University

is a faculty member at the Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University. She completed her academic and professional education—including her bachelor's degree, medical degree, master's degree in medicine, and specialist training in internal medicine—at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. She currently serves as an internist at Abdul Wahab Syahrani Regional General Hospital (RSUD). She is presently pursuing a doctoral degree in Environmental Science at Mulawarman University. In this study, she serves as the team leader and research coordinator and is actively involved in patient data collection. (email: yulianakaltim@gmail.com).

Yuniati, Mulawarman University

holds an undergraduate degree from the Faculty of Medicine at Andalas University and a postgraduate degree from the Faculty of Medicine at Brawijaya University; she is a faculty member at the Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University. She currently practices as a partner physician for BPJS Kesehatan. I contributed to the data collection process for this research article. (email yuni10indah@gmail.com).

Nur Khoma Fatmawati, Mulawarman University

completed her undergraduate, postgraduate, and ophthalmology specialist training at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya. She currently serves as a faculty member at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Mulawarman, and practices at a private eye clinic. She specializes in medical retina and maintains a research interest in various retina-related topics. In the development of this monograph, she contributed to data collection and the interpretation of examination results to establish diagnoses—a crucial component of the study's analysis. (email: gusma_riqo@yahoo.com).

Endang Sawitri, Mulawarman University

holds undergraduate and medical professional degrees from the Faculty of Medicine at Sam Ratulangi University, as well as master's and doctoral degrees from the Postgraduate Program at Diponegoro University. She is currently an active faculty member at the Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. She possesses expertise in biomedical sciences and is an active researcher with interests spanning various topics related to the immunobiology of metabolic diseases and malignancies. In the preparation of this research article, she contributed to data collection and the editing of the manuscript—steps crucial to ensuring the paper's suitability for publication. (email: endangsawitri68@gmail.com).

Amalia Aswin, Mulawarman University

is currently pursuing her Pediatric Residency Program at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia (FKUI). She graduated from the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Mulawarman, where she completed both her undergraduate medical education and medical professional training. Amalia has a strong interest and experience in pediatrics and medical research, with involvement in various research projects and scientific publications. In the preparation of this manuscript, Amalia contributed to data collection and data processing, supporting the development and analysis of the study. (email: learn.amaliaaswin@gmail.com).

Rudi Saputra, Mulawarman University

is a medical doctor, researcher, and public health professional from Indonesia. He graduated from Mulawarman University and is actively engaged in research and scientific activities in the field of public health. His academic interests focus on population health, health services, disease prevention, and the improvement of health outcomes through evidence-based approaches. (email: rudisaputra18052001@gmail.com).

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