Self-Management and Adherence to Routine Health Monitoring among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Service Area of Primary Health Care Center X

Saelan; Yuli Widyastuti; Ahmad Najib Hasan; Hermiana Ernastin Tobi

doi:10.56741/IISTR.jphs.002293

Authors

Saelan
saelanelan@gmail.com
Universitas Kusuma Husada Surakarta https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3160-8871
Yuli Widyastuti Universitas Muhammadiyah PKU Surakarta
Ahmad Najib Hasan Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Hermiana Ernastin Tobi Universidade da Paz https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2704-0405

Keywords:

Community Nursing, Primary Health Care Routine, Health Monitoring, Self-Management, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) requires long-term management through effective self-management and health monitoring. Poor self-management and irregular monitoring may result in uncontrolled blood glucose and increased complications. This study aimed to describe self-management and adherence to health monitoring among patients with T2DM in Primary Health Care Center X, Surakarta, Indonesia, and identify the strongest and weakest self-management dimensions. A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2026 involving 324 patients with T2DM recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA), and a health monitoring adherence questionnaire based on primary health care standards and Prolanis guidelines. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. From this study, most respondents were aged 56–69 years (69.8%), male (62.7%), worked in the informal sector (75.0%), and had diabetes for 5–8 years (72.5%). Complications were reported by 75 respondents (23.1%), 65 (20.1%) were enrolled in Prolanis, and 148 (45.7%) had a history of smoking and/or obesity. Overall self-management was moderate (54.3%). Medication adherence was strongest (mean = 5.8 days/week, SD = 1.4), whereas physical activity, blood glucose self-monitoring, and foot care were weakest (means = 2.3, 2.8, and 2.1 days/week). Monitoring adherence was suboptimal, with 222 respondents (68.5%) non-adherent. Monitoring focused mainly on blood glucose testing (75%), while HbA1c testing (8%) and complication screening (5%) were rarely performed. These findings highlight self-management was moderate, whereas monitoring adherence remained low. Strengthening education and follow-up monitoring systems is recommended to improve diabetes management in primary health care.

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Author Biographies

Saelan, Universitas Kusuma Husada Surakarta

is an undergraduate student in the Bachelor of Nursing Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Kusuma Husada Surakarta, Indonesia. His academic interests focus on nursing science, community health nursing, health promotion, evidence-based nursing practice, and clinical nursing research. He is actively involved in academic and research activities related to improving the quality of healthcare services and nursing education. His ORCID iD is 0009-0002-3160-8871. (email: saelanelan@gmail.com).

Yuli Widyastuti, Universitas Muhammadiyah PKU Surakarta

is a lecturer at Universitas Muhammadiyah PKU Surakarta, Indonesia. She holds a Master's degree in Nursing and a specialist qualification in Medical-Surgical Nursing. Her areas of expertise include adult nursing, wound care, diabetes management, and noncommunicable diseases. Her research focuses on diabetic foot care, nursing interventions, and healthcare service improvement. She has published scientific articles and authored educational books on wound care, endocrinology, and nursing research methodology. (email: yuliwidyastuti@umpku.ac.id).

Ahmad Najib Hasan, Universiti Kuala Lumpur

is a healthcare professional and researcher holding a Ph.D. in Medicine from the University of Manchester, United Kingdom. He is with Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. His expertise includes diabetes, endocrinology, and gastroenterology. His research at the Manchester Diabetes Centre has focused on diabetic neuropathy, neuroischemia, endothelial progenitor cells, and the effects of prolonged hyperglycemia on vascular function and patient outcomes. (email: ahmadnajib@unikl.edu.my).

Hermiana Ernastin Tobi, Universidade da Paz

is a nursing lecturer and researcher at Universidade da Paz (UNPAZ), Dili, Timor-Leste. She earned her Master's degree in Nursing from Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her academic interests include medical-surgical nursing, post-stroke rehabilitation, modern wound care, and critical care nursing. Her research encompasses active range-of-motion interventions, digital image analysis for burn wound fluid assessment, and international community health empowerment programs. She actively publishes in scientific journals. (email: hermianatobi@gmail.com).

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