Smoking Status and Risk of Opportunistic Infections among Individuals Living with HIV: A Meta-Analysis

Muhamad Zakki Saefurrohim; Muhammad Anshory

doi:10.56741/IISTR.jphs.002286

Authors

Muhamad Zakki Saefurrohim
saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id
Universitas Mulawarman https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-2537
Muhammad Anshory Erasmus University Medical Center https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-5238

Keywords:

HIV, Meta-analysis, Opportunistic Infections, Smoking Status

Abstract

Opportunistic infections (OIs) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Smoking may impair immune system function and increase susceptibility to infection. However, its association with OIs in PLWHA remains understudied. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between smoking status and OIs among PLWHA. Relevant research reports were identified through searches of Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. English-language studies published between 2011 and 2021 from various countries, including Korea, Ethiopia, and Turkey, were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate was calculated using a fixed-effects model and expressed as an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Six observational studies examining the association between smoking status and the incidence of OIs in PLWHA were analyzed in this meta-analysis. The results showed that smoking significantly increased the risk of OIs with a pooled OR of 1.76 (95% CI: 1.27–2.45). No significant heterogeneity was found between studies (I²=0%; p=0.86). A study by Kim et al. (2016) in Korea reported the highest OR of 2.27 (95% CI: 1.22–4.22), while a study by Wachamo et al. (2020) in Ethiopia showed the lowest OR of 1.03 (95% CI: 0.28–3.79). The most common OI among PLWHA was candidiasis/oral candidiasis with a prevalence of 28.8%. smoking-cessation interventions should be integrated into HIV care to reduce OI-related morbidity and mortality.

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Author Biographies

Muhamad Zakki Saefurrohim, Universitas Mulawarman

is affiliated with the Department of Epidemiology, Undergraduate Program in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Mulawarman, Jl. Sambaliung, Gn. Kelua, Samarinda Utara, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 75119, Indonesia. (email: saefurrohim@fkm.unmul.ac.id).

Muhammad Anshory, Erasmus University Medical Center

is affiliated with the Department of Dermatology, Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, 3015 GD, the Netherlands, and the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, Indonesia. He is a PhD student in Dermatology/Immunology and actively involved in research in the field of dermatology. (email: m.anshory@erasmusmc.nl; muhammadanshory@ub.ac.id).

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