The Administrator’s Lens: Strategic Resource Management and the Operational Realities of TVL Programs
Authors
-
Karl Mykiel Jordan
Juanito K. La Viña Sr. College
-
John Michael Gido
Juanito K. La Viña Sr. College
-
Lebron James Equipelag
Juanito K. La Viña Sr. College
-
Lhean Gabriel Borja
Juanito K. La Viña Sr. College
-
Leslie Loyloy
Juanito K. La Viña Sr. College
-
John Lloyd Alarcon
Juanito K. La Viña Sr. College
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56741/IISTR.jetia.002448
Keywords:
Educational leadership, Entrepreneurial management, Resource optimization, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood, Vocational education
Abstract
This phenomenological study explored the strategic resource management practices, operational realities, and adaptive coping mechanisms of five purposively selected private school administrators managing Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) programs in Bukidnon, Philippines. Thematic analysis revealed that navigating high overhead costs and resource limitations requires a shift toward entrepreneurial leadership. Financial sustainability is pursued through production-based laboratories, phased capital expenditures, and the strategic use of government subsidy vouchers. Human capital is optimized by recruiting dual-qualified practitioners, establishing ladderized professional upskilling, and integrating industry-academia mentorship. However, program delivery is constrained by systemic frictions, including dual DepEd and TESDA regulatory oversight, rapid equipment obsolescence, supply-chain bottlenecks, and labor-market instability associated with industry poaching. To protect the instructional core, administrators employ resource improvisation and administrative buffering, such as material substitution and institutional mock assessments. Ultimately, TVL sustainability depends on structural agility and pedagogical bricolage that transform operational bottlenecks into adaptive workflows, offering a practical framework for educational leaders and policymakers.
References
J. C. Arban, F. Enad, and A. Pabalan, "The Senior High School Technical-Vocational-Livelihood track: Implementation and challenges," Psych Educ, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 6-12, 2024, doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4975284.
E. B. Ellamil, L. S. Gudin, K. M. E. Mantilla, and M. G. Nable, "Lived experiences of Technical-Vocational and Livelihood teachers in Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas Schools (GIDAS)," International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 994-1003, 2025, doi: 10.38124/ijisrt/25jun603.
Z. Xinming, "Research on cultivating innovation and practical skills in higher vocational education," Frontiers in Educational Research, vol. 6, no. 26, pp. 29-36, 2023, doi: 10.25236/FER.2023.062606.
F. G. Ramos, "An evaluation of the Technical Vocational Livelihood track in public senior high schools in the Division of Batangas: Basis for an enhancement program," International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 877-900, 2021, doi: 10.6007/IJARPED/v10-i2/10269.
G. G. Pajares et al., "The sectoral and skills mismatch between the senior high school program and the top in-demand jobs and projected in-demand jobs in the province of Cebu, Philippines," Researchers World, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 187-199, 2018, doi: 10.18843/rwjasc/v9i2/24.
J. L. P. Alarcon et al., "Assessing the effectiveness of the Technical-Vocational-Livelihood education in terms of implementation and learning environment," Ignatian International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 254-264, 2024, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10702138.
W. Eichhorst, N. Rodríguez-Planas, R. Schmidl, and K. F. Zimmermann, A Roadmap to Vocational Education and Training Systems Around the World, IZA Discussion Paper no. 7110, 2012.
G. Barsoum, "When marketization encounters centralized governance: Private higher education in Egypt," International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 76, Art. no. 102215, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2020.102215.
F. Zhang, H. Tan, P. Zhao, L. Gao, D. Ma, and Y. Xiao, "What was the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of high-quality development in China? A case study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt based on the ICGOS-SBM model," Ecological Indicators, vol. 145, Art. no. 109593, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109593.
V. Braun and V. Clarke, "Using thematic analysis in psychology," Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 77-101, 2006, doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
D. Besing and R. Saan, "Income-generating projects of a Philippine state university: Proposal for strategic decisions," Southeastern Philippines Journal of Research and Development, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 13-29, 2023.
J. Doncillo, "Revenue generation initiatives in technical-vocational schools in Northern Samar: Basis for a framework design," Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 81-96, 2025, doi: 10.69569/jip.2025.395.
S. Lu, "Construction of dual-qualified teachers in higher vocational colleges from the perspective of the integration of industry and education," in Proc. 2nd International Conference on Education: Current Issues and Digital Technologies (ICECIDT 2022), Nov. 2022, pp. 640-651, doi: 10.2991/978-2-494069-02-2_70.
F. Mugwaze and C. Smith, "Rethinking the role of the principal in the strategic management of human capital in public secondary schools in Zimbabwe," SAGE Open, vol. 14, no. 3, Art. no. 21582440241254604, 2024, doi: 10.1177/21582440241254604.
J. L. P. Alarcon and R. G. Monterola, "Perception of the private school teachers on their professional development, working environment, and retention," International Journal of Open-Access, Interdisciplinary & New Educational Discoveries of ETCOR Educational Research Center (iJOINED ETCOR), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 144-157, 2024.
C. G. Mokher and A. A. C. Mella-Alcazar, "Improving education pathways: Collaboration supporting transitions from K-12 to postsecondary education in the Philippines," International Journal of Educational Development, vol. 106, Art. no. 103003, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2024.103003.
I. N. Generalao, J. Balaoro, P. J. Lorenzo, and J. P. Rivera, "Examining the effects of Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) on employment outcomes in the Philippines," 2025, doi: 10.62986/dp2025.08.
D. Relojo-Howell, "Challenges and opportunities in implementing K-12 technical vocational tracks: A comprehensive review," Universal Library of Innovative Research and Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2024, doi: 10.70315/uloap.ulirs.2024.0101001.
E. Saldevia and J. E. Pedroso, "The case of teacher turnover in a private school from the Philippines," EIKI Journal of Effective Teaching Methods, vol. 3, no. 2, 2025, doi: 10.59652/jetm.v3i2.557.
J. Abao, C. Balaba, M. A. Cap-atan, C. Cosmiano, and R. B. Mahinay, "Disparities in technical and vocational education attrition in the Philippines: From enrollment to certification," Journal of Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 364-373, 2025, doi: 10.69569/jip.2025.559.
L. G. Abad and J. Hattie, "The impact of teaching materials on instructional design and teacher development," Frontiers in Education, vol. 10, Art. no. 1577721, 2025.
H. Park, "Turning constraints into adaptive behavior: Secondary pre-service teachers' bricolage and agency in physical education," Behavioral Sciences, vol. 16, no. 4, Art. no. 515, 2026, doi: 10.3390/bs16040515.
Y. Triani, M. Somantri, and A. P. Kartiwi, "Financial decentralization in vocational schools: A BLUD governance study," Indonesian Journal of Educational Development (IJED), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 124-139, 2026, doi: 10.59672/ijed.v7i1.6135.
E. E. Damayanti and U. Rosidin, "Transforming vocational education financing governance through performance-based hybrid financing in Lampung Province," Journal of Education and Teaching Learning, pp. 78-89, 2026, doi: 10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i1.157.
S. J. Wafudu and Y. Bin Kamin, "Quality assurance: A conceptual framework for teaching and learning standards in vocational and technical education programs," Quality Assurance in Education, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 213-231, 2024, doi: 10.1108/QAE-11-2023-0184.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Karl Mykiel Jordan, John Michael Gido, Lebron James Equipelag, Lhean Gabriel Borja, Leslie Loyloy, John Lloyd Alarcon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
