Performance Evaluation of 5G C-V2X for V2V in Semi-Enclosed Environments

Ridha Muldina Negara; Muhammad Alfian Alfarizi; Mochammad Hakim Al Irsyad; Muhammad Ilham; Nicholai Dandy Nainggolan; Rohmat Tulloh

doi:10.56741/IISTR.esl.002268

Authors

Ridha Muldina Negara
ridhanegara@telkomuniversity.ac.id
Telkom University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4757-4429
Muhammad Alfian Alfarizi Telkom University
Mochammad Hakim Al Irsyad Telkom University
Muhammad Ilham Telkom University https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1736-6623
Nicholai Dandy Nainggolan Telkom University
Rohmat Tulloh Telkom University https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6643-152X

Keywords:

5G, C-V2X, Packet Reception Ratio, Trace-Driven Simulation, V2V Communication, Vehicular Networks

Abstract

The rapid advancement of 5G technology has accelerated the development of vehicular networks, where reliable Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is essential for intelligent transportation systems. This study evaluates the performance of Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X)-based V2V communication using a trace-driven simulation approach in a semi-enclosed environment. A realistic mobility model is generated using Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) based on OpenStreetMap data and integrated with the WiLabV2Xsim simulator implementing the 3GPP C-V2X Mode 4 standard. The evaluation is conducted using Packet Reception Ratio (PRR), Channel Busy Ratio (CBR), and packet delay under varying vehicular densities. The results show that increasing vehicle density leads to a significant degradation in PRR while increasing CBR and delay, indicating higher channel congestion and communication interference. Increasing bandwidth improves communication reliability, whereas higher transmission power provides limited benefits in dense scenarios. These findings highlight the importance of efficient resource allocation and congestion-aware mechanisms to ensure reliable V2V communication in 5G-enabled vehicular networks. However, this study is limited to simulation-based evaluation and does not consider real-world deployment constraints. The study contributes to understanding the scalability and performance behavior of C-V2X systems in realistic vehicular environments.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Ridha Muldina Negara, Telkom University

Center of Excellence for Intelligent Sensing-IoT, Research Institute of Sustainable Society

Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia

Muhammad Alfian Alfarizi, Telkom University

Telecommunication Engineering School of electrical engineering
Bandung, Indonesia

Mochammad Hakim Al Irsyad, Telkom University

Telecommunication Engineering School of electrical engineering
Bandung, Indonesia

Muhammad Ilham, Telkom University

Telecommunication Engineering School of electrical engineering
Bandung, Indonesia

Nicholai Dandy Nainggolan, Telkom University

School of Computer Engineering
Telkom University
Bandung, Indonesia

Rohmat Tulloh, Telkom University

School of Applied Science

Telkom University

Bandung, Indonesia

References

Y.-J. Ku, B. Flowers, S. Thornton, S. Baidya, and S. Dey, “Adaptive C-V2X Sidelink Communications for Vehicular Applications Beyond Safety Messages,” in 2022 IEEE 95th Vehicular Technology Conference: (VTC2022-Spring), IEEE, Jun. 2022, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/VTC2022-Spring54318.2022.9860580.

A. Bazzi, S. Bartoletti, A. Zanella, and V. Martinez, “Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11p preamble insertion in C-V2X sidelink signals for co-channel coexistence,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 45, p. 100710, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100710.

J. Santa et al., “Evaluation platform for 5G vehicular communications,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 38, p. 100537, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100537.

Z. Wu, S. Bartoletti, V. Martinez, V. Todisco, and A. Bazzi, “Analysis of Co-Channel Coexistence Mitigation Methods Applied to IEEE 802.11p and 5G NR-V2X Sidelink,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 9, p. 4337, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23094337.

X. Zhou, F. Hui, J. Liu, W. Wang, and J. Zhang, “Resource Reservation in C-V2X Networks for Dynamic Traffic Environments: From Vehicle Density-Driven to Deep Reinforcement Learning,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 74, no. 11, pp. 17429–17444, Nov. 2025, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2025.3578083.

A. Bazzi, B. M. Masini, A. Zanella, and I. Thibault, “On the Performance of IEEE 802.11p and LTE-V2V for the Cooperative Awareness of Connected Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 11, pp. 10419–10432, Nov. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2750803.

L. Cheng, B. Henty, D. Stancil, F. Bai, and P. Mudalige, “Mobile Vehicle-to-Vehicle Narrow-Band Channel Measurement and Characterization of the 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) Frequency Band,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1501–1516, Oct. 2007, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2007.071002.

V. Todisco, S. Bartoletti, C. Campolo, A. Molinaro, A. O. Berthet, and A. Bazzi, “Performance Analysis of Sidelink 5G-V2X Mode 2 Through an Open-Source Simulator,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 145648–145661, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3121151.

M. M. Abdellatif and O. Aly, “Studying Routing Issues in VANETs Using Ns-3 and SUMO,” Journal of Communications, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 682–690, 2022, doi: 10.12720/jcm.17.9.682-690.

D. Wang, P. B. Mohite, Q. Zhou, A. Qiu, and H. D. Schotten, “Evaluating the Impact of Numerology and Retransmission on 5G NR V2X Communication at A System-Level Simulation,” in 2023 IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN), IEEE, Nov. 2023, pp. 59–65. doi: 10.1109/CSCN60443.2023.10453216.

M. J. Khan et al., “Advancing C-V2X for Level 5 Autonomous Driving from the Perspective of 3GPP Standards,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 4, p. 2261, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23042261.

M. C. Lucas-Estan et al., “An Analytical Latency Model and Evaluation of the Capacity of 5G NR to Support V2X Services Using V2N2V Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 2293–2306, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2022.3208306.

J. M. Peha, Z. Jin, and W. de Koo, “Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communications in Unlicensed Spectrum Can Be Safe and Efficient,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 181179–181191, 2024, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3508595.

M. Tabassum and A. Oliveira, “5G NR sidelink time domain based resource allocation in C-V2X,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 53, p. 100902, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100902.

N. Decarli, S. Bartoletti, A. Bazzi, R. A. Stirling-Gallacher, and B. M. Masini, “Performance Characterization of Joint Communication and Sensing With Beyond 5G NR-V2X Sidelink,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 73, no. 7, pp. 10044–10059, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2024.3365770.

A. Hossan et al., “On the Capacity of V2X Communication Networks to Support the Delivery of Emerging C-ITS Services: A Case Study on an Irish Motorway,” Information, vol. 16, no. 7, p. 563, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.3390/info16070563.

G. G. Md. N. Ali, M. N. Sadat, M. S. Miah, S. A. Sharief, and Y. Wang, “A Comprehensive Study and Analysis of the Third Generation Partnership Project’s 5G New Radio for Vehicle-to-Everything Communication,” Future Internet, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 21, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.3390/fi16010021.

J. P. Arockiasamy and A. Vinel, “Performance Evaluation of V2X Communication Using Large-Scale Traffic Data,” arXiv preprint, arXiv:2602.07244, 2026.

H. Zainol Abidin, A. M. A. Mazlan, L. Mazalan, S. A. Che Abdullah, and H. H. Qasim, “Performance Analysis of C-V2X Resource Allocation in an Urban Vehicular Network,” Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 313–325, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.37934/araset.58.2.313325.

T. Ormándi and B. Varga, “The importance of V2X simulation: An in-depth comparison of intersection control algorithms using a high-fidelity communication simulation,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 44, p. 100676, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2023.100676.

J. Gallego-Madrid, R. Sanchez-Iborra, J. Ortiz, and J. Santa, “The role of vehicular applications in the design of future 6G infrastructures,” ICT Express, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 556–570, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.icte.2023.03.011.

E. E. González, Y. Estrada, D. Garcia-Roger, and J. F. Monserrat, “Performance Evaluation and Optimal Management of Mode 2 V2X Communications in 5G Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 128810–128825, 2023, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3333680.

C. Bin Ali Wael, E. Hadj Dogheche, N. Armi, A. Subekti, and I. Dayoub, “Leveraging 3GPP Features and Optimization Techniques for 5G NR-V2X Resource Allocation: A Survey,” IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 6, pp. 967–994, 2025, doi: 10.1109/OJITS.2025.3584024.

M. Rjab, H. Chamkhia, A. Omri, S. Bouallegue, and R. Bouallegue, “Modeling and performance analysis of moving V2V 5G NR systems,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 9, p. 100741, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.prime.2024.100741.

R. Molina-Masegosa and J. Gozalvez, “LTE-V for Sidelink 5G V2X Vehicular Communications: A New 5G Technology for Short-Range Vehicle-to-Everything Communications,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 30–39, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/MVT.2017.2752798.

M. A. Ali, S. A. Khan, S. Aldirmaz Colak, S. Kosunalp, and T. Iliev, “Towards 6G C-V2X Networks: A Comprehensive Survey on Mobility Management, Multi-RAT Coexistence, and Machine Learning (3M) Framework for C-ITS,” Electronics, vol. 15, no. 5, p. 1042, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.3390/electronics15051042.

R. Juárez and F. Rodríguez-Sela, “An Edge–Mesh–Cloud Telemetry Architecture for High-Mobility Environments: Low-Latency V2V Hazard Dissemination in Competitive Motorcycling,” Telecom, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 47, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.3390/telecom7020047.

D. Chatzoulis, C. Chaikalis, D. Kosmanos, K. E. Anagnostou, and G. T. Karetsos, “5G V2X Performance Comparison for Different Channel Coding Schemes and Propagation Models,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 5, Art. no. 2436, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23052436.

J. Tian, S. An, A. Islam, and K. Chang, “A Hybrid Power-Rate Management Strategy in Distributed Congestion Control for 5G-NR-V2X Sidelink Communications,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 15, p. 6657, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23156657.

J. Santa et al., “Evaluation platform for 5G vehicular communications,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 38, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2022.100537.

D. Wang, P. B. Mohite, Q. Zhou, A. Qiu, and H. D. Schotten, “Evaluating the Impact of Numerology and Retransmission on 5G NR V2X Communication at A System-Level Simulation,” Jul. 2023, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2307.14158

H. Zainol Abidin, A. M. A. Mazlan, L. Mazalan, S. A. Che Abdullah, and H. H. Qasim, “Performance Analysis of C-V2X Resource Allocation in an Urban Vehicular Network,” Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, pp. 313–325, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.37934/araset.58.2.313325.

J. P. Arockiasamy and A. Vinel, “Performance Evaluation of V2X Communication Using Large-Scale Traffic Data,” Feb. 2026, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07244

M. J. Khan et al., “Advancing C-V2X for Level 5 Autonomous Driving from the Perspective of 3GPP Standards,” Sensors, vol. 23, no. 4, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23042261.

B. Mendes, M. Araújo, A. Goes, D. Corujo, and A. S. R. Oliveira, “Exploring V2X in 5G networks: A comprehensive survey of location-based services in hybrid scenarios,” Vehicular Communications, vol. 52, Art. no. 100878, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.vehcom.2025.100878.

C. Bin Ali Wael, E. Hadj Dogheche, N. Armi, A. Subekti, and I. Dayoub, “Leveraging 3GPP Features and Optimization Techniques for 5G NR-V2X Resource Allocation: A Survey,” IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 6, pp. 967–994, 2025, doi: 10.1109/OJITS.2025.3584024.