Keywords
Financial Resources
Human Resources
Programme Management
Resource Mobilization
How to Cite
Plaudit
Abstract
Entrepreneurship training programmes are widely used in resource-constrained economies to support self-employment and local economic participation, yet programme effectiveness depends on the organizational resources required to deliver training consistently. This study assessed financial and human resource mobilization in the Entrepreneurship Training Programme (ETP) of Ondo State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional survey involved 90 programme personnel, with five respondents selected from each of the 18 local-government-area centres. Data were collected with a researcher-developed four-point Likert questionnaire and analysed using frequencies, percentages, and item means. The detailed methods section reported a test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.76. After correcting the interpretation of negatively worded items, the financial-resource domain produced a mean of 3.29, indicating generally favourable perceptions of resource adequacy; however, 92.2% of respondents also indicated heavy dependence on government funding. Personnel indicators were similarly positive, with a corrected mean of 3.34 across interpretable items. The findings suggest that the programme has a perceived resource base sufficient for routine operation but remains vulnerable to fiscal concentration and weaknesses in resource governance. Sustainable programme management therefore requires diversified financing, transparent monitoring, competency-based staffing, and stronger links between resource allocation and participant outcomes.
References
National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria, "Nigeria Multidimensional Poverty Index (2022)," Abuja, Nigeria, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/NIGERIA%20MULTIDIMENSIONAL%20POVERTY%20INDEX%20SURVEY%20RESULTS%202022.pdf. [Accessed: Sep. 8, 2026].
World Bank, "Nigeria Development Update: From Policy to People—Bringing the Reform Gains Home," Washington, DC, Oct. 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/publication/nigeria-development-update-ndu. [Accessed: Sep. 8, 2026].
National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria, "Nigeria Labour Force Survey (NLFS), Q1 2024," Abuja, Nigeria, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/NLFS_Q1_2024_Report.pdf. [Accessed: Sep. 8, 2026].
International Labour Organization, Global Employment Trends for Youth 2024: Sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO, 2024, doi: 10.54394/QJUV5544.
O. V. Ogunro, A. G. Akeredolu, and B. E. Adedowole, "Impact of entrepreneurship skill acquisition on youth and graduate unemployment in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria," South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 67–78, 2024, doi: 10.9734/SAJSSE/2024/v21i9884.
A. C. Awogbenle and K. C. Iwuamadi, "Youth unemployment: Entrepreneurship development programme as an intervention mechanism," African Journal of Business Management, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 831–835, 2010, doi: 10.5897/AJBM.9000686.
M. E. Akpomi, "Entrepreneurship education (EE) for all students in higher education institutions (HEIs) in Nigeria: A means to sustainable development," Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 162–173, 2009.
M. Leger, J. Arsenijevic, and N. Bosma, "The role and effectiveness of non-formal training programmes for entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, vol. 37, nos. 1–2, pp. 214–247, 2025, doi: 10.1080/08985626.2024.2348046.
V. Udeozor, M. Hughes, O. M. Ogundana, and U. Umoru, "Putting pedagogy back in: Moving from ‘whether’ to ‘when’ compulsory entrepreneurship education ‘works’," Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2721–2758, 2025, doi: 10.1080/00472778.2024.2448981.
A. Simba, M. Tajeddin, P. Jones, and P. Rambe, "A disaggregated view of soft skills: Entrepreneurship education systems of Africa," Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 786–818, 2025, doi: 10.1080/00472778.2024.2356596.
A. Egbetokun, A. Olofinyehun, and C. Adelowo, "Built to last? The long-term impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitude," Entrepreneurship Education, vol. 7, pp. 41–66, 2024, doi: 10.1007/s41959-024-00114-9.
J. Lafortune, T. Pugatch, J. Tessada, and D. Ubfal, "Can gamified online training make high school students more entrepreneurial? Experimental evidence from Rwanda," Economics of Education Review, vol. 100, Art. no. 102559, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2024.102559.
A. Overwien, L. Jahnke, and J. Leker, "Can entrepreneurship education activities promote students’ entrepreneurial intention?" The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 22, no. 1, Art. no. 100928, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100928.
K. Anubhav, A. K. Dwivedi, and K. Aashish, "Entrepreneurship education in higher education (2002–2022): A technology-empowered systematic literature review," The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 22, no. 3, Art. no. 100993, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100993.
S. Muchaku, H. M. Kabiti, and B. Nthambeleni, "A systematic review of the determinants of successful entrepreneurship education across universities in South Africa," African Journal of Development Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 93–110, 2024, doi: 10.31920/2634-3649/2024/v14n2a5.
S. F. Otaru, M. M. Adeyeye, and A. S. Sajuyigbe, "Financial resource mobilisation strategies and sustainability of non-governmental organisations (NGOs): Evidence from Nigeria," International Journal of Contemporary Management, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 1–8, 2021, doi: 10.2478/ijcm-2021-0004.
A. S. Adegbile, T. A. Liedong, and H.-T. Wagner, "Linking resource mobilization approaches and venture performance in highly resource-constrained environments," Africa Journal of Management, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 282–315, 2024, doi: 10.1080/23322373.2024.2375950.
I. Inceoglu, T. Vanacker, and S. Vismara, "Digitalization and resource mobilization," British Journal of Management, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 576–593, 2024, doi: 10.1111/1467-8551.12817.
Y. Zhang, "Governance structures, resource mobilization, and organizational performance of community forest enterprises: Evidence from China," Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 163, Art. no. 103229, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2024.103229.
S. Ali, "Effect of resource mobilization strategies on operational efficiency of non-governmental organizations supporting secondary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya," M.Com. research project, Strathmore University, Nairobi, Kenya, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11071/16315. [Accessed: Sep. 8, 2026].
T. Alkhalaf and A. A. Badewi, "HRM practices, organizational learning and organizational performance: Evidence from the Big Four financial services in France," The Learning Organization, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 797–816, 2024, doi: 10.1108/TLO-01-2023-0004.
K.-H. Kim, "Expenditures on human resource development and firm financial performance: From the resource orchestration perspective," Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, vol. 62, no. 1, Art. no. e12383, 2024, doi: 10.1111/1744-7941.12383.
J. Kim, H. Chang, and B. S. Bell, "Organizational-level training and performance: A meta-analytic investigation," Journal of Management, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1772–1809, 2026, doi: 10.1177/01492063251327588.
I. M. Mung’athia, N. Rintari, and F. Mutea, "Effect of training programs on organizational performance of Meru County Government, Kenya," Human Resource and Leadership, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2025, doi: 10.70619/vol5iss2pp1-12.
A. B. Bakker and E. Demerouti, "The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art," Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 309–328, 2007, doi: 10.1108/02683940710733115.
G. S. Becker, Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, 3rd ed. Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press, 1993, doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001.
B. C. Martin, J. J. McNally, and M. J. Kay, "Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes," Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 211–224, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.03.002.
Ondo State Government, Ondo State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (ODSEEDS). Akure, Nigeria: Ondo State Government, 2005.
S. A. Ogunrinade, "Effect of entrepreneurship education on poverty alleviation and entrepreneurial intention among graduates of the Centre for Entrepreneurship and Innovation, University of Ibadan," Covenant Journal of Entrepreneurship, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 12–18, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cjoe/article/view/4364. [Accessed: Sep. 8, 2026].
W. Deng and J. Wang, "The effect of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of different college students: Gender, household registration, school type, and poverty status," PLOS ONE, vol. 18, no. 7, Art. no. e0288825, 2023, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288825.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2026 Obafemi Erinsakin